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There are certain questions that you must ask yourself before you press that shutter release, and ones you must ask before you even get the camera out of the bag. If you will get in the habit of asking these questions every time you take a picture, your chances for success will skyrocket. Almost immediately, you will find yourself making pictures rather than taking them.



When should you make your exposure? This is about the last step before you actually take your camera out of the bag. You know Who you are creating the picture for, and What it is you are photographing. Now you have to determine When is the best time to photograph it. This is where previsualization comes into play. Every subject has a nearly infinite range of personalities depending on lighting and other environmental conditions. It is up to the photographer to choose When to make the exposure. Hopefully you have given this some thought before heading off with camera in hand.
Many times, you are forced to deal with what nature is providing at the time, but you do have the flexibility to wait for a cloud to diffuse the sun for a second, or maybe for the wind to die down to still the leaves. The photographer always has the ultimate control over When the exposure is made. Ideally, the proper conditions are thought out before arriving at the location.
In the photograph above, you can tell that the When was in the fall. The warm colors in the trees set the tone and mood of this photograph. It is cheery, while being subdued and relaxing. This was what I was after and waited until the proper season to create the picture. On the other hand, this very same scene can take on a much different feel just by changing the seasons as well as the lighting.
Salem Apothecary
Here you can see the difference. The buildings are the same, as is the general composition. However, the leaves are no longer a colorful addition to the composition. The winter fog has replaced the upbeat colors and has introduced a moody undertone. In comparing these two photographs, you can really appreciate the difference that the answer to When can make. Just consider the extreme difference between daylight and twilight on a scene. This can be the most valuable question that you can ask yourself when it comes to really creating a photograph that will convey a message or feeling to your audience.
Admittedly, this is going to be the most frustrating question that you will have to ask yourself as a photographer. This is the one that I bang my head on the desk time and time again waiting on the weather to cooperate. I have become very specific in the types of weather patterns that I want to work with for each type of subject. I often find myself asking When would be the best time to photograph this scene? This could mean a day or two delay in getting the shot....or several years. There are times where I look at a photograph and consider if there are any other times or weather conditions which might work better as in the case with the above comparison.
Where?
In Constant Turmoil
Where should the camera be in order to get the composition like I want it? Now it is time to get the camera out and find the best place to frame the picture. This could take a while so don't rush this part. With the Who, What, and When questions answered, you know pretty much what you want to include in the picture. Now comes the time where you organize the scene. In the above picture, I not only wanted to include the waterfall, but also the secondary rapids. It was the rapids which I felt added depth to the image, as well as a leading line directing the viewer's eyes through the photograph. The trick was how to include all of this in a single photograph.
As is often the case in waterfall photography, what I felt was the best composition wasn't available from the shore. It wasn't even available from the bridge across the water. The bridge had the most potential, but the angles were all wrong, I needed to get closer to the water. I hopped on rocks, and waded through some shallow areas in order to get the camera in position right in the water along the path of the rapids. It took nearly ten minutes of fine tuning the location of the camera to arrive at this composition.
By determining the precise Where that I did, I was able to organize the scene in the viewfinder in a very simple manner that eliminated much of the extraneous elements that did not add to the photograph. In this step, it is important to look around the edge of the frame to make sure that nothing has poked into the field of view that you don't want there. Fine tune you position until the Where enables you to include just what you want, and in the way that you want it. Something else that you don't want to overlook is the possibility of other Where locations. Never stop with one shooting location. Move around and find other compositions that satisfy all of your questions as well.
Two other questions that can fall in with this one could be Which lens and What focal length should I be using to make the best of the location I am shooting from? In the above picture, I wanted to accentuate the rapids which were visually small while including the main cascades. In order to do this from close to the water, I needed a wide angle lens. I used my 10-22mm f/3.5-4.5 lens set to 12mm (approximately 17-18mm after the 1.6x conversion). This gave me the exact perspective that I wanted for the image, and included all of the elements that made up the answer to my What question.
Why?
Up a Lazy River
After you have your camera set up, now comes the time for the most important question of all, and the one that started me asking the questions in the first place. As you look through the viewfinder, ask yourself Why am I taking this picture? You should be able to answer that question very quickly and honestly with yourself. At the time of exposure in the above picture, I had already answered the previous questions to myself...
Who? I was creating this picture primarily for me.
What? This is one of my favorite local spots to photograph. It is the Old Guilford Mill, which is a functioning grist mill in Guilford County.
When? This was one of the main reasons for the photograph. After several days of heavy rainfall the stream leading up to the mill had swollen to the point that there were several rapids which had formed. I knew that these rapids would provide a nice visual foreground within a strong leading line. I waited until the sky was cloudy...not just regularly cloudy, but an overcast day where the clouds were heavy with different shades of gray. The clouds also served to diffuse the light from the sun decreasing the shadows which would be present on the mill.
Where? This was another very important question to answer in order to show what I wanted to in the photograph. I knew that I wanted to feature the rapids in the water as well as the mill. In order to do that, I was going to have to get close to the water and elevate the camera just enough to get an intimate perspective of the stream leading up to the water wheel. The water was too high to stand in, so I had to set up on the shore. In order to keep from having a very static composition with the shore and water taking up 50% of the lower space, I made sure that I included a tall patch of weeds which was protruding from the water. This provided a strong visual anchor in the lower left third of the frame which introduce the viewer's eyes to the rapids, ultimately leading to the water wheel.
Having answered all of these questions all that was left was Why am I taking this picture. This picture is all about emotion. In a single frame, I was able to capture a relatively dramatic sky which looms heavy over the scene despite taking up such a small portion. The intensity of the red in both the water wheel and roof add to that excitement. Even the rapids in the water help tell the tale of the previous rains which had fallen. The time of year also came into play. The vegetation was only partially dormant at this point in the fall. Much like the old mill, there was life left in the withering grasses. The lighting of the whole scene cemented the mood I wanted to convey with this photograph.












